A Canadian soldier sits on a snow mobile during Operation Nanook, army's annual Arctic training operation, in Tuktoyaktuk, Canada in February 2025
A Canadian soldier sits on a snow mobile during Operation Nanook, army's annual Arctic training operation, in Tuktoyaktuk, Canada in February 2025 AFP

In normal conditions, Canadian Air Force helicopter pilot Jonathan Vokey uses the treeline to gauge his altitude. But in the Arctic, where the landing zone is an expanse of white snow, he has to adjust.

"Operating in the cold, it's hard on the body, but it also can be challenging with the aircraft as well," Vokey, an Air Force captain, told AFP during an exercise aimed at preparing Canadian troops to operate in the country's extreme north, a region fast becoming a military priority.

Canada is making a significant push to boost its military strength in the Arctic, which accounts for 40 percent of its territory.

Arctic ice is melting as a result of climate change, opening up the region and increasing the risk of confrontation with rivals like Russia over the area's natural resources, including minerals, oil and gas, as well as fresh water.

"If I was to boil it down: you can access the north now more easily than you have ever been able to. And I would say that that's going to change even more drastically over the next 10, 20 years," said Colonel Darren Turner, joint task force commander of Operation Nanook, the annual Artic training exercise established in 2007.

"Once a route is opened, they will come. And that is something that we need to have an interest in. That is something that we need to have the capabilities to interdict, to stop," he told AFP.

That requires training more troops to operate in the region's extreme conditions and deploy to three Arctic military hubs that the government plans to build.

Operation Nanook -- the word for "polar bear" in an Inuit language -- is central to that effort.

In a long tent pitched on a vast sheet of ice and snow, troops practiced diving into frigid water.

In another location, teams worked on detecting hostile activity with infrared imaging, a particular challenge in the Arctic where the cold can obscure thermal signatures.

Dive team leader Jonathan Jacques Savoie said managing the brutal weather is key.

"The main challenge on Op. Nanook in this location is the environment. The environment always dictates how we live, fight and move in the field," he said, noting the day's temperature of -26 degrees Celsius (-14.8 Fahrenheit).

This year's operation marked the first Arctic deployment for Corporal Cassidy Lambert, an infantry reservist.

She's from the eastern province of Newfoundland and Labrador, where maritime Atlantic weather creates wet, damp winters.

The Arctic, she conceded, is "going to be a little different."

"I don't handle the cold too well, but I think I've prepped myself well enough," she said.

Steven Breau, a rifleman with New Brunswick's North Shore regiment, said troops are trained on a range of region-specific safety measures, like avoiding frostbite.

Sweat can also become a problem.

"It's really important to stay dry, to take body heat into account. If you get too hot, you sweat. It gets wet, then it gets cold, then it freezes."

The surrounding frozen tundra does not immediately look like the next frontline in a looming global conflict.

But leaders in multiple countries have put a spotlight on the Arctic.

President Donald Trump has repeatedly threatened to annex Greenland, insisting the United States needs the autonomous Danish territory for its security.

And days after taking over as Canada's Prime Minister last month, Mark Carney visited Iqaluit, in another part of the Canadian Arctic, to announce a multi-billion-dollar radar deal he said would be crucial to securing the nation's sovereignty.

Briefing troops arriving for Operation Nanook, Major Andrew Melvin said a direct confrontation with Chinese or Russian forces was "highly unlikely" during the exercise.

But, he added, "it is possible that either the PRC (People's Republic of China) or the RF (Russian Federation) intelligence services will seek to collect intelligence during the conduct of Op Nanook."

For Colonel Turner, protecting the Arctic from hostile actors means safeguarding a region that is inseparable from Canadian identity.

"It's a part of our raison d'etre... from a sovereignty perspective."

Canadian sailors walk by a drone during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise, in Inuvik, Canada in February 2025
Canadian sailors walk by a drone during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise, in Inuvik, Canada in February 2025 AFP
A Canadian soldier looks out the window of a CH-147F Chinook helicopter during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise near Inuvik, Canada in March 2025
A Canadian soldier looks out the window of a CH-147F Chinook helicopter during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise near Inuvik, Canada in March 2025 AFP
A Canadian sailor peers over a ridge during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise, in Inuvik, Canada in February
A Canadian sailor peers over a ridge during Operation Nanook, the Canadian Armed Forces' annual Arctic training exercise, in Inuvik, Canada in February AFP